{"id":2662,"date":"2021-02-15T15:29:00","date_gmt":"2021-02-15T15:29:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/gituzh.am\/frequently-asked-questions\/"},"modified":"2023-06-08T11:42:47","modified_gmt":"2023-06-08T11:42:47","slug":"frequently-asked-questions","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/gituzh.am\/en\/frequently-asked-questions\/","title":{"rendered":"FAQ"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Frequently asked Questions<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Why is the development of science the basis of the development and defense of the state?<\/span><\/i><\/div>

There are three main chains connecting science with economy:<\/span><\/p>\n<\/p>\n

a. <\/span> The engineers needed by high-tech industries are educated by scientists, or are former scientists.<\/span><\/p>\n

b. <\/span> High-tech intellectual property is created in science schools. It is transferred and applied in the economy in two main ways: (1) through the contract work of a private company and scientific groups with relevant skills and abilities, (2) the commercialization of newly created intellectual property by the member(s) of the scientific group through a startup.<\/span><\/p>\n

c. <\/span> Increasing the country's human capital level and overall international ranking. The first contributes to the growth of international investments in the high-tech industry of the country, the export of high-tech production and services. The second has the same universal importance as the development of culture and sports.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/p>\n

Only about the usefulness of basic research can be read the former director of CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research) \"The use of basic science. Benefits of basic science\" in the article [6]. <\/span><\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n <\/div>

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What is the role of the state in the development of science?<\/span><\/i><\/div>

The state is the developer of public order policies and programs for fundamental, applied researches and experimental developments, the direct customer, and in some cases also the executor.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/p>\n

Since the private order itself cannot have a permanent character, and the co-responsible scientific school may be completely absent from the beginning, an approach has been established in the world for a long time, according to which the creation, maturation and stability of scientific activities, infrastructures and communities take place according to a planned public order. through the implementation of structures conducting contests of scientific programs or national technological programs. The extent to which the state creates and develops the scientific community and infrastructure through public procurement is one of the most important factors in the competition of states in terms of international investments in high-tech industry.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n <\/div>

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What does the development of science mean?<\/span><\/i><\/div>

Development of science:<\/span><\/p>\n

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  • Implementation of basic and applied research programs in the branches of science important for the country.<\/span><\/li>\n
  • Development of human capital necessary for basic and applied research: immigration (especially repatriation), training and education of scientists.<\/span><\/li>\n
  • Development of necessary infrastructures for basic and applied research and creation of new ones in accordance with the implementation of the above programs.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/p><\/div>\n <\/div>
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    What is the standard of quality of scientific research and scientist?<\/span><\/i><\/div>

    The best method created by mankind, through which the quality of knowledge created as a result of scientific research is determined, is scientific review (peer review). It is carried out practically all over the world by organizers of international conferences or editorial offices of journals. The higher the ranking of an international conference or journal (for example, the impact factor), the more influential the new knowledge created is considered. <\/span><\/p>\n<\/p>\n

    The quality of a scientist is determined by the number of publications in journals with a national and international impact factor and the number of references to these publications.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/p>\n

    According to the 2020 Global Innovation Index of the World Patent Organization (WIPO Global Innovation Index 2020, hereinafter referred to as GII), the Republic of Armenia ranks<\/span> 18th<\/b> in terms of scientific and technical publications.4th place [4], which qualifies as a strength, particularly in the relevant income group. However, it is necessary to note that Armenia was ranked in last year's GII report <\/span>13th<\/b> place [4].<\/span><\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n <\/div>

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    What are the types of R&D works?<\/span><\/i><\/div>

    Types of R&D according to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development's Frascati manual classification [1]:<\/span><\/p>\n

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    • Basic or fundamental research (basic research)<\/b> - experimental or theoretical work, which is carried out mainly to acquire new fundamental knowledge about phenomena, without pursuing the goal of application.<\/span><\/li>\n
    • Applied research (applied research)<\/b> - experimental or theoretical unique work to acquire new knowledge, which is mainly directed towards a specific, practical goal,<\/span><\/li>\n
    • Experimental development work or Experimental development<\/b> - systematic work based on the knowledge obtained from research and practical experience, aimed at creating or improving new products or processes.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Basic research in turn is of two types [1]: <\/span><\/p>\n

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      • Pure basic research (pure basic research)<\/b> - is conducted for the purpose of acquiring knowledge, without seeking social or economic benefits or making active efforts to apply the results to practical problems or to transfer the results to the fields responsible for application.<\/span>
        <\/span>In the modern world, these are mostly large-scale research into the most fundamental laws of nature, with extensive international collaboration, such as the CERN project. Participating in these researches is important because it will help prevent brain drain and the results of international programs will be available to Armenia.<\/span><\/li>\n
      • Oriented basic research (oriented basic research)<\/b> - is performed with the expectation that a broad knowledge base will be created, which is likely to be the basis for solving known or expected current or future problems.<\/span>
        <\/span>Usually, they are relatively small-scale basic research, close to applied research, a few percent of which give results worthy of transfer to the stage of applied research. <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        Many examples of differentiating the types of R&D work can be found in the aforementioned manual [2].<\/span><\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n <\/div>

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        What are the differences between the concepts of \"Scientific and scientific-technical activities\", \"Scientific and scientific-technical activities\", R&D?<\/span><\/i><\/div>

        All these concepts are equivalent. <\/span><\/p>\n<\/p>\n

        GRP works<\/b>. It is opened as \"research and experimental construction works\". It is a direct translation from the Russian concept of \u041d\u0418\u041e\u041a\u0420 (\u041d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e-\u0438\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043d\u043e-\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b). It is equivalent to the English concept of R&D. This term is often used in various legal acts of the Republic of Armenia, especially in the context of the work of the Defense Security Service.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/p>\n

        GHPM<\/b>. It opens as \"scientific research and experimental development\". It is almost a direct translation of the English R&D term from Research & Experimental Development.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/p>\n

        HevM<\/b>. It opens as \"research and development\". It is a literal translation of the term \"Research & Development\" in English.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/p>\n

        \"scientific and scientific-technical activity\"<\/b>. It is used in the Law of RA \"On Scientific and Scientific-Technical Activities\" [7], related laws[8,9] and the draft of the new Law on Higher Education and Science[11] . <\/span><\/p>\n<\/p>\n

        R&D<\/b>. \u0532\u0561\u0581\u057e\u0578\u0582\u0574 \u0567 \u00abResearch & Development\u00bb, \u0578\u0580\u056b \u0578\u0582\u0572\u056b\u0572 \u0569\u0561\u0580\u0563\u0574\u0561\u0576\u0578\u0582\u0569\u0575\u0578\u0582\u0576\u0576 \u0567 \u00ab\u0540\u0565\u057f\u0561\u0566\u0578\u057f\u0578\u0582\u0569\u0575\u0578\u0582\u0576 \u0587 \u0544\u0577\u0561\u056f\u0578\u0582\u0574\u00bb (\u0540\u0587\u0544)\u0589 \u053f\u056b\u0580\u0561\u057c\u057e\u0578\u0582\u0574 \u0565\u0576 \u0576\u0561\u0565\u0582 \u00abResearch & Experimental Development\u00bb (\u057f\u0565\u055c\u057d OECD \u0571\u0565\u057c\u0576\u0561\u0580\u056f) \u056f\u0561\u0574 \u00abResearch & Technological Development\u00bb (\u0585\u0563\u057f\u0561\u0563\u0578\u0580\u056e\u057e\u0578\u0582\u0574 \u0567 \u0535\u057e\u0580\u0578\u057a\u0561\u0575\u0578\u0582\u0574 [11]) \u0562\u0561\u0581\u0578\u0582\u0574\u0576\u0565\u0580\u0568\u0589<\/span> <\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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        The situation in Armenia<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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        How many scientists are there in Armenia?<\/span><\/i><\/div>

        The total number of scientific workers included in state scientific programs and topics as of August 2020: 3959 people. <\/span><\/p>\n<\/p>\n

        If we accept that the population of Armenia is 3 million people, then there are about 1320 scientists in Armenia per 1 million inhabitants. The same figure for the European Union was approximately 4,000 in 2018 [3].<\/span><\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n <\/div>

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        What does the age distribution of Armenian scientists look like?<\/span><\/i><\/div>

        Age composition of researchers with scientific degrees involved in scientific and scientific-technical activities.<\/p>\n

        \"\"<\/p>\n

        The age group of researchers with a scientific degree of retirement age is quite large - 38.9%.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n <\/div>

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        How much is the state funding of science in Armenia?<\/span><\/i><\/div>

        According to 2020 It was planned to spend 14,255,302,700 drams on the RA budget, \"Scientific and Scientific and Technical Research Program\", which is 0.77% of the expenditure part of the budget [5].<\/span><\/p>\n<\/p>\n

        According to the 2020 Global Innovation Index, the gross expenditure on R&D (GERD) of the Republic of Armenia was 0.2% of the GDP. According to that index, Armenia ranks first <\/span>91st<\/b> place [4].<\/span><\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n <\/div>

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        The scientific result of Armenia<\/span><\/i><\/div>

        According to the InCites database of Web of Science, the number of scientific articles published by scientific research organizations and universities of the Republic of Armenia and included in Web of Science in 2015-2019 was <\/span>4 863<\/b>: According to the data of the InCites database of the Web of Science, in the fields of social sciences and humanities in 2015-2019, respectively, <\/span>120<\/b> and: <\/span>83<\/b> scientific articles, making up a total of <\/span>4.2%<\/b>the<\/span><\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n <\/div>

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        What are the types of research and experimental development?<\/span><\/i><\/div>

        Types of research and experimental development (R&D) according to the Frascati manual classification of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development [1]:<\/span><\/p>\n